ข้อมูลในตาราง Data in Table 3summarize the degree of compliance of
การศึกษาระดับปริญญาของการปฏิบัติตามของเรือนกระจกแต่ละคนที่จะเลือกความต้องการขั้นพื้นฐานGAP each greenhouse to selected basic GAP requirements (e.g.
( soil disinfection, traceability, record keeping, fertilizer
ฯลฯ usage, irrigation etc) common in both AGRO 2-1 & 2- -2 2,
และ ใน กระบวนการที่ถูกจัดตั้งขึ้นที่ได้รับอนุญาตตรวจสอบย้อนกลับสินค้าในกรณีฉุกเฉิน ขั้นตอนการเก็บบันทึกเป็นเอกสารดีปุ๋ยถูกนำมาใช้ตามที่เกษตรกร' น้ำที่ใช้เพื่อการชลประทานพืชอยู่ในสภาพสุขอนามัยที่ดี and EUREPGAP. In GRA, and GRB, processes were
established that allowed product traceability in case of
emergency; record-keeping process was well documented;
fertilizer was used according to agriculturists’ instructions;
water used for plant irrigation was in good hygiene condition (see also Table 1); In addition, workers were well
informed and trained, as inferred through personal interviews (data not shown).
Both GRC and GRD greenhouses (Table 3) failed in all
evaluation sections, with GRD to be in the worst management and hygiene condition. The “fertilizer usage” practice
was critical in farm GRD, since the grower was using
mainly manure. In addition, chemical fertilizers in both
GRC and GRD, were used without following any handling
regulations, thus exposing personnel to dangers. No measures at all were taken to avoid fertilizers over dosage, protect the local environment and consumers from fertilizers
remaining.
4. Discussion
Tomatoes (270.000 tons) and peppers (21.000 tons) are
major products of greenhouses in Greece (Olympios, 2004).
There are about 1000 producers growing these vegetables in
Ierapetra area, Crete, Greece, that is the major vegetable
producing area in Crete and one of the 4–5 major areas in
Greece (Vakalounakis & Fragkiadakis, 1999). The majority
of these farmers intend to produce vegetables that should
eVectively compete in both the domestic and foreign markets. To be competitive in the world/European market, the
application and conWrmation of an eVective GAP system is
a mandatory prerequisite (Babboni et al., 2005; Vander
Stichele, Van der Wal, & Oldenziel, 2005).
The GAP-system AGRO 2-1 & 2-2 was found in this
study to improve signiWcantly the microbiological quality
of tomatoes and peppers. Most researchers agree that at
least for mixed salads containing fresh vegetables, L. monocytogenesshould be absent in 25 g; E. colilevels are
satisfactory if <20 CFU/g, acceptable if <100 CFU/g, unsatisfactory if 7100 CFU/g; TC 64 log CFU/g; satisfactory
ACP < 6 log CFU/g (Codex Alimentarious Commission,
1997; Gilbert et al., 2000). As recorded in this study, fresh
and unprocessed vegetables grown under AGRO 2-1 & 2-2
carried no L. monocytogenes, that is a satisfactory quality
for mixed salads; carried E. coli< 20 CFU/g, that is a satisfactory quality for mixed salads; carried TC 4.37–
4.68 log CFU/g, that is very close to the acceptable quality
of 4 log CFU/g for mixed salads; carried APC 5.78–
5.92 log CFU/g, that is a satisfactory quality for mixed salads. Considering that the raw tomatoes and peppers tested
should be at least cleaned, and even better sanitized, before
used in mixed salads (Kokkinakis & Fragkiadakis, 2007),
their microbiological quality was satisfactory. The high
hygiene quality of vegetables in GRA and GRB can be
attributed to soil disinfection; drip irrigation that prevents
soil spreading; excellent water quality (Council Directive
98/83/EC, 1998) and modern farming facilities involving
process control (humidity and temperature monitoring)
through computer devices etc.
The AGRO 2-1 & 2-2 scheme is a national program
developed to recognize and certify farms that adopt GAP,
and till now is the main initiative on GAP in Greece. CertiWcation is achieved through “auditors” visitation to farms
for evaluating practices so that there are in compliance to
stipulated conditions. Up to November 2005, a total of
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