7. CONCLUSIONS
The present review sets out the techniques and procedures available today for
evaluating cutaneous and respiratory exposure to pesticides. The choice of monitoring
strategy depends on the type of compound considered and working conditions,
although a general orientation is to carry out environmental and biological monitoring
simultaneously. Such studies can:
– provide information on the relation between estimated exposure doses and urinary
excretion of metabolites;
– evaluate the contributions of cutaneous and/or respiratory exposure to total
absorbed dose;
– check the appropriateness of biological indicators used at various exposure levels;
– provide further data when that provided by environmental or biological monitoring
proves inadequate;
– provide data which can be used by data banks to build models.
The number of samples (environmental and biological) to obtain must be established
on the basis of the necessary statistical confidence levels. The variability of exposure
in the field can be evaluated more accurately increasing the number of subjects rather
than repeating measurements more often in the same workers. However, in the
case of biological monitoring, it is advisable to continue collecting urine in a given
subject for a certain period of exposure, equal to about four times the half-life of
the substance. This is useful for evaluating elimination kinetics and possibly absorbed
doses.
A difficulty that may be encountered in field studies is the lack of standardized
methods for estimating dermal and respiratory doses and for assaying pesticides
and their metabolites in biological fluids. Although biological monitoring is hardly
a routine procedure, in many exposure situations it may be the only possibility.
There continue to be few established biological limit values and little knowledge
of the toxicokinetics of the various pesticides in relation to dose and routes of
absorption.
Experiences conducted by various researchers have revealed the extent to which
Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides 47
working conditions and individual protection devices differ in relation to situations.
An undoubted advantage of the simultaneous availability of both environmental
and biological monitoring data is to enable optimization of safety procedures for
workers with a view to a progressive reduction of the risk of exposure. In this framework,
the determination of reference values for various biological indicators is a
useful interpretative auxiliary for estimating residual risk.
7. CONCLUSIONSThe present review sets out the techniques and procedures available today forevaluating cutaneous and respiratory exposure to pesticides. The choice of monitoringstrategy depends on the type of compound considered and working conditions,although a general orientation is to carry out environmental and biological monitoringsimultaneously. Such studies can:– provide information on the relation between estimated exposure doses and urinaryexcretion of metabolites;– evaluate the contributions of cutaneous and/or respiratory exposure to totalabsorbed dose;– check the appropriateness of biological indicators used at various exposure levels;– provide further data when that provided by environmental or biological monitoringproves inadequate;– provide data which can be used by data banks to build models.The number of samples (environmental and biological) to obtain must be establishedon the basis of the necessary statistical confidence levels. The variability of exposurein the field can be evaluated more accurately increasing the number of subjects ratherthan repeating measurements more often in the same workers. However, in thecase of biological monitoring, it is advisable to continue collecting urine in a givensubject for a certain period of exposure, equal to about four times the half-life ofthe substance. This is useful for evaluating elimination kinetics and possibly absorbeddoses.A difficulty that may be encountered in field studies is the lack of standardizedmethods for estimating dermal and respiratory doses and for assaying pesticidesand their metabolites in biological fluids. Although biological monitoring is hardlya routine procedure, in many exposure situations it may be the only possibility.There continue to be few established biological limit values and little knowledgeof the toxicokinetics of the various pesticides in relation to dose and routes ofabsorption.Experiences conducted by various researchers have revealed the extent to whichEnvironmental and Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides 47working conditions and individual protection devices differ in relation to situations.An undoubted advantage of the simultaneous availability of both environmentaland biological monitoring data is to enable optimization of safety procedures forworkers with a view to a progressive reduction of the risk of exposure. In this framework,the determination of reference values for various biological indicators is auseful interpretative auxiliary for estimating residual risk.
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