The concept of “competency” is a confusing term and particularly mixed up with “skill”. It is mainly because
different terms have often been used interchangeably. From the management perspective, competencies are
defined by two main streams: organizational or personal. Human Resource Management (HRM) literature
focuses on the individual competencies. McClelland (1973) used the term as a symbol for an alternative
approach to traditional intelligence testing. According to author, competence is a characteristic trait of a
person that is related to superior performance and a demonstration of particular talents in practice and
application of knowledge required to perform a job.
Boyatzis (2008) also analyzed managerial competencies and defined competencies as an underlying
characteristic of a person that could be a motive, trait, skill, aspect of one’s self-image, social role, or a body
of knowledge which he or she uses. These characteristics are revealed in observable and identifiable patterns
of behavior, related to job performance and usually include knowledge, skill and abilities. In another
definition, competencies are specified as a mean of ‘being able to perform a work role to a defined standard
with reference to real working environments’.
It is generally seen as “a cluster of related knowledge, skills, and attitudes that affects a major part of one’s
job (a role or responsibility), that correlates with performance on the job, that can be measured against wellaccepted
standards, and that can be improved via training and development” (Özçelik and Ferman, 2006).
Dingle (1995), adds awareness to this definition. According to Dingle, competence is a combination of
knowledge, skill and awareness. In this definition, knowledge refers to the understanding of fundamental
principles required to accomplish the task in hand, skill refers to the application of this understanding and
awareness refers to the proper application of skill, in accordance with professional and corporate “good
practice”
The concept of “competency” is a confusing term and particularly mixed up with “skill”. It is mainly becausedifferent terms have often been used interchangeably. From the management perspective, competencies aredefined by two main streams: organizational or personal. Human Resource Management (HRM) literaturefocuses on the individual competencies. McClelland (1973) used the term as a symbol for an alternativeapproach to traditional intelligence testing. According to author, competence is a characteristic trait of aperson that is related to superior performance and a demonstration of particular talents in practice andapplication of knowledge required to perform a job.Boyatzis (2008) also analyzed managerial competencies and defined competencies as an underlyingcharacteristic of a person that could be a motive, trait, skill, aspect of one’s self-image, social role, or a bodyof knowledge which he or she uses. These characteristics are revealed in observable and identifiable patternsof behavior, related to job performance and usually include knowledge, skill and abilities. In anotherdefinition, competencies are specified as a mean of ‘being able to perform a work role to a defined standardwith reference to real working environments’.It is generally seen as “a cluster of related knowledge, skills, and attitudes that affects a major part of one’sjob (a role or responsibility), that correlates with performance on the job, that can be measured against wellacceptedstandards, and that can be improved via training and development” (Özçelik and Ferman, 2006).Dingle (1995), adds awareness to this definition. According to Dingle, competence is a combination ofknowledge, skill and awareness. In this definition, knowledge refers to the understanding of fundamentalprinciples required to accomplish the task in hand, skill refers to the application of this understanding andawareness refers to the proper application of skill, in accordance with professional and corporate “goodpractice”
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