2.2 Landfill
To landfill means to place waste directly into a land disposal site without prior treatment or
preparation. Landfill is the oldest and the most widely practiced method of disposing of solid
waste. Three types are recognized.
Open uncontrolled non-engineered dump
A non-engineered dump is probably the most common land disposal method in developing
countries. Untreated waste discharged into an uncontrolled, non-engineered open dump
does not protect the local environment and should not be used. Discarding of untreated
waste pharmaceuticals into such a site is not recommended except as a last resort. They
should preferably be discharged after immobilization by encapsulation or inertization. As a
last resort, where it is not possible to immobilize the waste pharmaceuticals, then the
untreated wastes must be covered rapidly with large quantities of municipal waste to prevent
scavenging. It should be noted that discarding in open, uncontrolled dumps with insufficient
isolation from the aquifer or other watercourses can lead to pollution, with the risk of drinking
water contamination in the worst cases.
Engineered landfill
Such a landfill has some features to protect from loss of chemicals into the aquifer. Direct
deposit of pharmaceuticals is second best to discharging immobilized pharmaceutical waste
into such a landfill.
Highly engineered sanitary landfill
Properly constructed and operated landfill sites offer a relatively safe disposal route for
municipal solid wastes, including waste pharmaceuticals10. The top priority is protection of the
aquifer. An appropriate landfill consists of an evacuated pit isolated from watercourses and
above the water table. Each day’s solid waste is compacted and covered with soil to maintain
sanitary conditions. The term “safe sanitary landfill” refers to such a site that is adequately
situated, constructed and managed. Upgrading an uncontrolled waste disposal site to a
reasonable standard should be considered, and advice is available from WHO11.
2.2 LandfillTo landfill means to place waste directly into a land disposal site without prior treatment orpreparation. Landfill is the oldest and the most widely practiced method of disposing of solidwaste. Three types are recognized.Open uncontrolled non-engineered dumpA non-engineered dump is probably the most common land disposal method in developingcountries. Untreated waste discharged into an uncontrolled, non-engineered open dumpdoes not protect the local environment and should not be used. Discarding of untreatedwaste pharmaceuticals into such a site is not recommended except as a last resort. Theyshould preferably be discharged after immobilization by encapsulation or inertization. As alast resort, where it is not possible to immobilize the waste pharmaceuticals, then theuntreated wastes must be covered rapidly with large quantities of municipal waste to preventscavenging. It should be noted that discarding in open, uncontrolled dumps with insufficient isolation from the aquifer or other watercourses can lead to pollution, with the risk of drinkingwater contamination in the worst cases.Engineered landfillSuch a landfill has some features to protect from loss of chemicals into the aquifer. Directdeposit of pharmaceuticals is second best to discharging immobilized pharmaceutical wasteinto such a landfill.Highly engineered sanitary landfillProperly constructed and operated landfill sites offer a relatively safe disposal route formunicipal solid wastes, including waste pharmaceuticals10. The top priority is protection of theaquifer. An appropriate landfill consists of an evacuated pit isolated from watercourses andabove the water table. Each day’s solid waste is compacted and covered with soil to maintainsanitary conditions. The term “safe sanitary landfill” refers to such a site that is adequatelysituated, constructed and managed. Upgrading an uncontrolled waste disposal site to areasonable standard should be considered, and advice is available from WHO11.
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