in addition to receiving standard nursing care,the experimental participants listened one of these music for at least 30 minutes of labour
to account for the wide variety of music listening habits,participants were allowed to choose whether or not to use headphones. measures for pain and anxiety
participants in the control group were not aware that they had not had the opportunity to listen to music, but they received routine care after admission.
they completed the same pretest and posttest measures at the same phases
of labour as the music group.
while the preteat scores used as covariates in the analysis
all the outcome measures for latent and active phases were analysed separately because of the different level of pain