Student characteristics
Data were gathered using a questionnaire aimed at measuring
the student’s cultural group, gender, age, socioeconomic-status
(SES), year of study, and current education achievements. SES
was assessed by the student’s father’s educational attainment
(FEA) and mother’s educational attainment (MEA), both defined
on a six-level scale from 0 = lack of education, to 5 = doctoral degree.
Another SES factor was the participants’ report on their current
economic condition (EC), defined on a six-level scale from
1 = extremely difficult to 6 = comfortable, no financial worries.