Research and development (R and D) is the search for new and improved products and industrial
processes. Both industrial firms and governments carry out R and D. Innovations in products or
processes normally follow a path from laboratory (lab) idea, through pilot or prototype
production and manufacturing start-up, to full-scale production and market introduction. There
are two main types of research. Pure or basic research aims to clarify scientific principles without
a specific end product in view; applied research uses the findings of pure research in order to
achieve a particular commercial objective. Development describes the improvement of a product
or process by scientists in conjunction with engineers. Industry spends vast sums to develop new
products and the means to produce them cheaply, efficiently, and safely