This paper describes and analyses the development of education in Vietnam under three, successive reform, the implementation of which began in 1950, 1956, and 1981 respectively. Following the achievements, in 1975, of independence, unity and peace, there was a period of national reconstruction; the major achievement of education reform in this period, and the present provision and organization of education, are outlined. Throughout the 1990s Vietnam has been in the process of Doi Moi, or Renovation, with the objectives of industrialization and modernization. The implication of this process for education are considered, including both the guiding ideologies and the concrete task. These task include improving the level of education of general public, training personnel for business and industry, and fostering people with talent. Current challenges to education development are identified, including the conflicting requirement of expansion of scale and improvement in the quality of provision. Proposed measures to address the current challenges are outlined.