Granular systems display a fascinating range of properties and behaviors, some of which
are reminiscent of flow phenomena well-known from fluid dynamics, while others are unique to
matter in particulate form. This investigation has focused on two such attributes, one from each
category: first, the tendency for confined granular materials to develop internal, circulatory flows
when shaken, motions that bear a strong resemblance to laminar convection in a liquid heated
from below; and second, the tendency for confined granular materials to spatially separate
according to size when shaken (the BNE), rather than mix as in the case of ordinary fluids. The
principal conclusions of this investigation are: