1. Shura (Consultation): As described in S.N.T. Model that is considered in selecting Islamic Values for Conflict
Resolution in addition to other values; The “S” stands for a key principle in the Islamic religion, which is ‘Shura’, or
consultation, implying that one must consult others before implementing any change. Such an approach minimizes
disagreement between stakeholder parties and enables fostering an environment conducive for change(Ahmad,
2007).
Through the Qur’anic phrase “amruhum shura baynahum” (who conduct their affairs through consultation) (42:38)
and the Prophet’s (p) habit of seeking and accepting advice, the limits on the exercise of power have been set both
by the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Shura plays a critical role in administration and management, specifically with
respect to decision making; it provides a restraint on administrative power and authority. Unlike the elitist
(majority/minority) approaches to decision making, the concept of Shura stresses consensus building – a key
ingredient of practical wisdom. In Islam, those who are consulted must be competent (ahl-ar-raie) and trustworthy –
one of the virtues underlying Muhammad’s (p) character(Beekun, 2012).
In the Qur’an (3:159), Prophet Mohammad (p) is advised to take counsel with his companions: "(O My Adorable
Beloved!) What a Mercy of Allah that you are lenient with them! Had you been stern and hard-hearted, people
would have deserted, scattering away from around you. So pardon them, and pray for their forgiveness, and consult