developed the bureaucracy by applying the administrative principles and concepts of
the private sector involving service provision to the public (Sarker, 2006; The
National Bureaucretic Reform Committee, 1997). The focus of the Singaporean public
administration was on productivity development in the civil service system, by
establishing the National Productivity Board in 1972 to develop productivity in the
public sector (Office of Permanent Secretary for Interior, 2005: 56)