It seems relevant to consider regionalism as a project led by an economy that seeks some
exclusive influence. Neither TPP nor RCEP are exceptions. The United States and the PRC
seek to exclude one another from TPP and RCEP, respectively, so that a convenient agenda can
be set. Thus, it is wrong to overemphasize the openness of these proposed agreements. Even
participation in ongoing TPP negotiations is not easy; it is subject to prior bilateral negotiations
with incumbents and their approval. Latecomers also need to accept disadvantageous
negotiation modalities and endure unfavorable requests set by incumbents. Since TPP is likely