Many processes have emerged through trial and error without explicit design. In such cases it is necessary to start with mapping the process using flowcharts that identify inputs and outputs; tasks, steps and handovers. Process mapping and analysis requires that the process is reasonably stable and repeated in sufficient volumes. The map or blueprint can then be used to collect data on volumes, time, and resource consumption. Data is analyzed to identify problems, such as unnecessary activities, iterations, delays, inventory levels, and bottlenecks (Shostack, 1985; Bullinger et al., 2003; Fliess and Kleinaltenkamp, 2004; Bitner et al. 2008).