Conversely, Geiger and Rama (2003) report a
significant positive association between the
magnitude of audit fees and the likelihood of
receiving a going-concern modified audit opinion for
stressed companies. This is consistent with prior
research that modified audit opinions require
additional audit work and lead to higher audit fees
(Barkess and Simnett, 1994; Basioudis et al., 2008;
Bell et al. 2001; Francis and Simon, 1987; Palmrose,
1986; Simunic, 1980). Similarly, Reynolds and
Francis (2000) find that auditors increase their
independence in response to greater financial
dependence. Firms, especially large firms, with
auditors having the greatest financial dependence
tend to report lower discretionary accruals. This is
because litigation reputation risks are high for large
firms. Firth (2002) reveals a positive relationship
between high non-audit service fees and clean audit
reports; however, he is unable to distinguish whether
it is from a lack of auditor independence or clearing
up uncertainties by nonaudit services.