Additional research suggests that distinguishing attributions about physical versus psychiatric disabilities may be affected by ethnicity. African Americans with disabilities seem to be judged more harshly than European Americans with the same disabilities. Crosscultural research on attributions suggests that Hindu concepts of kharma and dharma, Asian ideas of shame and obligation, and Native American views of sadness and sorrow may interfere with perceptions of controllability. Hence, the reaction of community members to a person’s mental illness will be mediated by their concepts of fate and predisposition