Gans et al. [49] investigated the effect of real-time usage
information on residential electricity consumption in Northern Ireland. The data used corresponds
to data from the Continuous Household Survey of Northern Ireland which is conducted year- round
with approximately 300 household surveyed per month. The survey asks for information about
dwelling, health, education, employment and welfare payments. To estimate the electricity demand, a
regression model is used accounting for electricity price, household income, and variables
influencing the electricity consumption such as weather, characteristics of the home and of the
household, type of heating and appliances used. The model has dummy variables to consider the month
of year when the house- hold was interviewed. The regression coefficients were found using an
ordinary least-squared method. Although the results do not document how households managed to
reduce usage, usage
reductions in the order of 10–17% were reported.