Since their founding in years 1994 and 1995 by the central government of Thailand, many of these small cooperative rubber sheet factories (CRSFs) are still functioning throughout Thailand [1]. One serious problem arising from the treatment of their wastewater is the associated noxious smell of rotten-egg gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S). Open lagoons or natural oxidation ponds used for this treatment now are standard in these factories [1,2]. It is well recognized that H2S is a toxic gas which at high level is dangerous to human health and at low level causes nuisance odor [3,4]. Devising a means to solve this problem by removing H2S requires the cooperative efforts of engineers and microbiologists. It is well recognized that phototrophic bacteria, especially purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are well capable of treating wastewaters due to their versatile metabolic pathways. They have a capability to grow as both photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or microaerobic-light, and chemoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or aerobic-dark [5,6,7,8]. Some members of the PNSB such as Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum are known to reduce the H2S odor from facultative waste stabilization ponds [9, 10].
Since their founding in years 1994 and 1995 by the central government of Thailand, many of these small cooperative rubber sheet factories (CRSFs) are still functioning throughout Thailand [1]. One serious problem arising from the treatment of their wastewater is the associated noxious smell of rotten-egg gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S). Open lagoons or natural oxidation ponds used for this treatment now are standard in these factories [1,2]. It is well recognized that H2S is a toxic gas which at high level is dangerous to human health and at low level causes nuisance odor [3,4]. Devising a means to solve this problem by removing H2S requires the cooperative efforts of engineers and microbiologists. It is well recognized that phototrophic bacteria, especially purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are well capable of treating wastewaters due to their versatile metabolic pathways. They have a capability to grow as both photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or microaerobic-light, and chemoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or aerobic-dark [5,6,7,8]. Some members of the PNSB such as Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum are known to reduce the H2S odor from facultative waste stabilization ponds [9, 10].
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Since their founding in years 1994 and 1995 by the central government of Thailand, many of these small cooperative rubber sheet factories (CRSFs) are still functioning throughout Thailand [1]. One serious problem arising from the treatment of their wastewater is the associated noxious smell of rotten-egg gas (hydrogen sulfide, H2S). Open lagoons or natural oxidation ponds used for this treatment now are standard in these factories [1,2]. It is well recognized that H2S is a toxic gas which at high level is dangerous to human health and at low level causes nuisance odor [3,4]. Devising a means to solve this problem by removing H2S requires the cooperative efforts of engineers and microbiologists. It is well recognized that phototrophic bacteria, especially purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are well capable of treating wastewaters due to their versatile metabolic pathways. They have a capability to grow as both photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or microaerobic-light, and chemoheterotrophs under conditions of anaerobic or aerobic-dark [5,6,7,8]. Some members of the PNSB such as Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter and Rhodospirillum are known to reduce the H2S odor from facultative waste stabilization ponds [9, 10].
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