- 4D or 5D integration which integrates time and cost models in addition to 3D geometry models. In
this way, changes can not only be controlled in the design and engineering stages in the whole
construction process, but also be controlled in the built environment lift-cycle to some extent.
Jongeling and Olofsson (2007) suggest that location based scheduling provides a promising
alternative to activity-based planning approaches for planning of work-flow with 4D CAD. In this
approach, work schedules are integrated with design models so that changes in design or during
construction can be better coordinated. In the latest 5D technologies of Graphisoft, automation
extends beyond design changes. ArchiCAD also automates and coordinates the creation of
documents, schedules, bills of materials, and quantities estimates through its integrated “virtual
building” model based on IFC’s BIM models (available at: http://www.vicosoftware.com/).