Shovelling is a common form of manual work. which has fr Ar- been thoroughly Max-Planck-Institut studied at the (Lehmann, 1962) and, beitsphysiologie in Dortmund. Germany more recently, at Pennsylvania State University in the USA by demonstrated that certain tool Freivalds (1987). Both studies maximal work forms are better suitable than others to perform with minimal effort. The highest level of efficiency was attained when a load of 8-10 kg was shoveled 12-15 times per minute. In addition to the