Another factor that contributes substantially to the formation
of an evolving risk perception among tourists is their
past experience—both in general as well as that gained in
specific destinations associated with high or low levels of
risk (Perdue 1985; Mazursky 1989; Reichel, Fuchs, and
Uriely 2007; Correia, Pimpão, and Crouch 2008). Apparently,
more travel experience contributes to lower levels of risk
perception (Lepp and Gibson 2003). Others such as Hofstede
(1991), Hawkins, Best, and Coney (2001), and Hoyer and
MacInnis (2007) also established such relationships using
tourists’ lifestyle and cultural characteristics (such as level of
religious observance and belonging to a given religious
denomination) as proxies to tourist past experience.