D. Fuel properties characterization
The bio oil synthesized from shell under the condition of temperature of 450 C, N2 flow on 50 ml/min
and particle size of 2.18 mm and synthesized from residue under the condition of temperature of 400 C,
N2 flow on 50 ml/min were analyzed the fuel properties and comparing with the other researches as
shown in Table 2.
The Table 2 showed the viscosity and pH value of the bio oil from Para rubber seed was different from
other works. By the way, it seems that its flash point is higher than other bio oil types and is in range of
bio diesel standard. It showed the possible case of using this bio oil especially from residue as the filler
for the fuel or precursor for esterification reaction. Since the significant height of flash point, this bio oil
was analyzed by using elemental analyzer for estimation of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen.
Table 2. Comparison of fuel properties
The results from elemental analyzer showed the very interesting composition percentage of bio oil
from Para rubber seed related with its flash point as in Table 3.
Table 3. Elemental analysis of bio oil
If consider the both tables, we could understand the relation between carbon and hydrogen composition
with flash point and heating value. They showed that the bio oil from residue and Rape seed have the
highest summation of carbon and hydrogen that effect to the highest of flash point and heating value too.
Additional, the bio oil from soybean contained the highest nitrogen that effect to be the lowest of flash
point too.
However, the compositions of bio oil from Para rubber seed could be estimated for the primary
molecular formula by Ozlem Onay and O.Mete Kockar method. [8] This method assumed another
element from Table 2 was oxygen so the elemental compositions of bio oil from shell contained C
55.14%, H 6.74%, N 0.24% and O 37.88%. Finally, the bio oil from shell showed the primary molecular
formula as CH1.47 N0.004 O0.52 and CH1.68 N0.047 O0.08 for bio oil from residue.
Fuel
Properties
Bio oil
Bio diesel
[11]
Diesel
Shell Residual [10] Rape seed
[8]
Soybean
[9]
laurel
[7]
Viscosity ctS
2.07 23.18 36 72.38 61 3.5-5.0 5
pH 2.36 7.88 3.2 - 3.12 - -
Flash point C
70
87
75
63.00
65
Not less than 120
50
Heating value (MJ/kg)
22.11
37.76
37.9
33.60
31.04
38.55-39.94
45.00