Mostly natural dyes which act as photosensitizers in DSSC showed very low efficiencies compared to synthetic and metal organic dyes due to unavailability of specific functional groups [29].
The generation of short circuit current of the fabricated cell mainly depends on the amount of dye adsorbed on the TiO2 surface, structure, light harvesting efficiency and electron injection ability of the dye [30]. More adsorption of dye molecules on the TiO2 surface generates more number of photons from sunlight which in turn leads to the rapid electron injection. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current are the important parameters which decide the efficiency of the cell. The open circuit voltage is the difference between the Fermi level of TiO2 electrode and the potential of redox electrolyte which mainly depends on the recombination rate and adsorption mode of the sensitizer [30,31]