Dt = (D1t D1t )
= Deterministic trend repressor
and the regressors equations are:
1 1 D +E
xt = Γ21D1t + Γ22 2t 2t
∆E2t = u2t
-Dynamic OLS
Jose G. Montalvo (1994)’s study compared the estimator efficiency among OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) estimator, CCR (Canonical Cointegration Regression) estimator, CCRPW (CCR estimator using a VAR pre-whitened kernel estimator of the long-run covariance matrix) and DOLS (Dynamic OLS) estimator. The result of this study shows that DOLS estimator has smaller bias and root mean squared error than the other estimators.
Chen, McCoskey, and Kao (1996) investigated the finite sample proprieties of the OLS estimator, the t-statistic, the bias-corrected OLS estimator, and the bias-corrected t-statistic. They found that the bias-corrected OLS estimator does not improve over the OLS estimator in general. The result of their study suggests that alternatives, such as the FMOLS (Fully Modified OLS) estimator or the DOLS (Dynamic OLS) estimator may be more promising in cointegrated regression.
2.2 Literature Review
Chris Brooks, Alistair G. Rew and Stuart Ritson examined the lead–lag relationship between the FTSE 100 index and index futures price employing a number of time series models. Using 10-min observations from June 1996–1997, it is found that lagged changes in the futures price can help to predict changes in the spot price. The best forecasting model is of the error correction type, allowing for the theoretical