directed attention and involuntary attention (also called fascination). Directed attention is voluntary but requires effort; it is the type of attention we use when trying to stay focused on a task or when solving a problem. Fascination is involuntary attention, which means it does not demand energy, but instead provides an opportunity to rest from the fatigue caused by directed attention. The notion that natural environments are particularly likely to promote restoration is supported by a number of recent studies comparing built with natural environments, commonly represented as visual stimuli/photos.