Applications of science,
and their social implications, are simply limited to illustrations of the “use” to which
scientific knowledge can be put. The more recent introduction of investigative work, which
has much to contribute to students’ knowledge construction, is generally still interpreted
in formulaic ways (Donnelly, Buchan, Jenkins, Laws, & Welford, 1996), and has still
failed to transcend the fallacy that there is a singular “scientific method”—the belief that
science has been the result of the consistent application (without much imagination,
thought, or judgment) of a simple set of rules to every situation as it arose