Where corruption is widespread, attempting to deal with it as a series of isolated problems is generally ineffective. Sustainable anticorruption efforts depend on a number of stakeholders all performing their parts in a holistic manner (Pope 2000). Because enforcement alone is often uncertain and inadequate, and high penalties almost always fail to deter crime (Marjit and Shi1998), some strategies should focus on prevention even when conceived and planned at the national level, while some elements must be planned and implementedentirely at the local level—participation by all levels of government, including local, is needed to achieve success (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2004). Government procurement and contract management systems are especially vulnerable to corruption in times of tight budgets or high inflation, because payments to vendors can be delayed, and civil servants’pay may be inadequate to resist corruption. Indeed,Van Rijckeghem and Weder (1997) provide evidence that corruption is slightly lower in developing countries where civil servants are paid better.