GAAP permits corporations to record the residual U.S. taxes in two ways. The first creates a temporary difference, leaving the ETR unaffected. Specifically, a firm estimates the U.S. tax that will be required at repatriation and accrues that income tax expense when it records the foreign earnings that will eventually trigger those U.S. taxes. This treatment creates a temporary difference (i.e., a DTL is recorded). A consequence of this option is reduced current after-tax book income. However, in the year that the dividend is repatriated to the parent and the U.S. taxes are paid, after-tax book income is unaffected.