Does that mean that resilience concepts reject the traditional study of risk and protective factors? Certainly not, because there is an abundance of evidence that much of the variation in psychopathological outcomes can be accounted for by the summative effects of risk and protective factors. Also, and more importantly, resilience is an interactive concept that can only be studied if there is a thorough measurement of risk and protective factors. In short, resilience requires the prior study of risk and protection but adds a different, new dimension