This critical review discusses the potential use of agricultural waste based biosorbents (AWBs) for
sequestering heavy metals in terms of their adsorption capacities, binding mechanisms, operating factors
and pretreatment methods. The literature survey indicates that AWBs have shown equal or even greater
adsorption capacities compared to conventional adsorbents. Thanks to modern molecular biotechnologies,
the roles of functional groups in biosorption process are better understood. Of process factors, pH
appears to be the most influential. In most cases, chemical pretreatments bring about an obvious
improvement in metal uptake capacity. However, there are still several gaps, which require further investigation,
such as (i) searching for novel, multi-function AWBs, (ii) developing cost-effective modification
methods and (iii) assessing AWBs under multi-metal and real wastewater systems. Once these challenges
are settled, the replacement of traditional adsorbents by AWBs in decontaminating heavy metals from
wastewater can be expected in the future.
This critical review discusses the potential use of agricultural waste based biosorbents (AWBs) for
sequestering heavy metals in terms of their adsorption capacities, binding mechanisms, operating factors
and pretreatment methods. The literature survey indicates that AWBs have shown equal or even greater
adsorption capacities compared to conventional adsorbents. Thanks to modern molecular biotechnologies,
the roles of functional groups in biosorption process are better understood. Of process factors, pH
appears to be the most influential. In most cases, chemical pretreatments bring about an obvious
improvement in metal uptake capacity. However, there are still several gaps, which require further investigation,
such as (i) searching for novel, multi-function AWBs, (ii) developing cost-effective modification
methods and (iii) assessing AWBs under multi-metal and real wastewater systems. Once these challenges
are settled, the replacement of traditional adsorbents by AWBs in decontaminating heavy metals from
wastewater can be expected in the future.
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