The colloidal-gold-conjugated solution of antisera raised against TSWV was mixed in equal quantities and applied on 26 × 1.7 cm conjugate pads (Standard 14) and dried under dry air for 10-15 min. TSWV IgG-BSA conjugate was diluted in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, (pH 8.0) containing 1% sucrose to a final concentration of 2 mg/ml and applied as a 0.5 mm thick, 26 cm line, centrally at 1.25 cm from the top and bottom ends on one side of a 2.5 × 26 cm nitrocellulose plastic backed membrane strip, using a locally fabricated airbrush device (Innovative Biosciences, India). Nitrocellulose membrane was cut into sections (2.5 cm × 26 cm).