Heavy metal contamination of soil is widespread in many parts
of the world. Lead derivatives, which are toxic even at low
concentrations, cause brain disorders in children and peripheral
nerve and kidney malfunction in adults (Ginneken et al., 2007;
Padmavathiamma and Li, 2010; Huang et al., 2012). Leadcontaminated agricultural soil is a prevalent concern because it
affects consumer health through the food supply (Boussen et al.,
2013).
Numerous physical and chemical techniques (e.g., acid extraction and dilution) used to remediate lead-contaminated agricultural land damage the soil. Thus, soil restoration procedures are
necessary for reinvesting in agricultural production. Moreover,
all physical and chemical remediation technologies are economically unviable for large contaminated areas. Phytoremediation,
which involves accumulating heavy metal through the metabolic