cannot reinstall or upgrade the software on the specific computer. So is there any way to downgrade the version of the mdf and ldf files?
No, you cannot downgrade, you will need to move the schema and data another way if you can't install the right version. This recent question is essentially the same:
Perhaps, if you have access to the SqlServer 2008, you could use the command "Tasks" -> "Create Scripts" to start the wizard to create a script with schema and data.
On the options page there is the button 'Advanced' where you can select the syntax version of SqlServer