EAs have also been applied to aircraft wing design [11]
including aerodynamic transonic aerofoils [40], [41], and
multidisciplinary blade design [42]. Few evolved designs,
however, have been manufactured into physical objects.
Conventionally evolved designs tend to be purely descriptive,
specifying what to build but not how it should be built. Thus,
there is always an inherent risk of evolving interesting yet
unbuildable objects. Moreover, high-fidelity simulations are
required to ensure that little difference is observed once the virtual
design is physically manifested. In highly complex design
domains, such as dynamic objects, the difference between simulation
and reality is too large to manufacture designs evolved
under a simulator, and in others the simulations are extremely
computationally expensive.