Argrys and Schon (1996) identify three levels of learning which may be present in the organization:
Single loop learning: Consists of one feedback loop when strategy is modified in response to an unexpected result (error correction). E.g. when sales are down, marketing managers inquire into the cause, and tweak the strategy to try to bring sales back on track.
Double loop learning: Learning that results in a change in theory-in-use. The values, strategies, and assumptions that govern action are changed to create a more efficient environment. In the above example, managers might rethink the entire marketing or sales process so that there will be no (or fewer) such fluctuations in the future.
Deuterolearning: Learning about improving the learning system itself. This is composed of structural and behavioral components which determine how learning takes place. Essentially deuterolearning is therefore "learning how to learn."
This can be closely linked to Senge's concept of the learning organization, particularly in regards to improving learning processes and understanding/modifying mental models.
Effective learning must therefore include all three, continuously improving the organization at all levels. However, while any organization will employ single loop learning, double loop and particularly deuterolearning are a far greater challenge.
Conclusion
From organizational learning theory we can infer the following issues which may affect knowledge management and knowledge management systems:
OL is dependent on allowing organizational inquiry to take place according to theory-in-use, not espoused theory.
OL is a complex mechanism, resulting often in the storage of interpretations of past events, rather than the events themselves.
OL can take place on three different levels. While single loop learning comes natural to any individual/organization, special attention must be paid to the double-loop and deuterolearning.