Reform will have measures at different spatial and political levels and finding better ways of coordinating the. Increasingly migration analysts and policymakers are using the term 'migration management' to refer to the"range of measures needed to effectively address migration issues at national, regional and global levels" (IOM, 2003:53; see also spencer, 2003). The term is helpful, as long as we exercise caution about its technocratic undertone: a top-down management process is exactly what we have now, and it cannot resolve the crucial issues at stake. Migration management should be understood as a cooperative pro- in which all participants have a voice, including the governments and civil of the sending countries, the receiving populations and above all the migrants themselves. To be effective, policies need to be fair and to be perceived as fair by all the groups involved. This requires changes in legal frameworks, institutional structures and specific policies.