To conclude, briefly consider the 5 Ws in relation to the definition proposed.
In this definition, resilience is recognized as a desirable state,
but who determines what is ‘desirable’ and for whom? Urban resilience is shaped by who defines the agenda, whose resilience is being prioritized, and who benefits or loses as a result.
We have argued in favor of building general adaptive capacity over adapting to specific threats, but priority areas, sectors, and hazards will undoubtedly differ from city to city.