Associations between childbirth education and maternal characteristics and labor and birth outcomes were measured using the chi-square test (df = 1). Because this was an exploratory study, p values of less than .05 were deemed statistically significant. Using logistic regression modeling, attendance at childbirth education classes was examined as an independent predictor of cesarean surgery among nulliparas, controlling for maternal age, education, prenatal requests for cesarean surgery, and infant macrosomia. Attendance at childbirth education classes (yes or no) was entered in the first step of the model, followed by the control variables in Step 2. PASW Statistics version 18 (IBM) was used to perform all analyses.