Addition of sachets pads containing volatile antimicrobial agents into packages.
Incorporation of volatile and non-volatile antimicrobial agents directly into polymers.
Coating or adsorbing antimicrobials onto polymer surfaces.
Immobilization of antimicrobials to polymers by ion or covalent linkages.
Use of polymers that are inherently antimicrobial (Appendini & Hotchkiss, 2002).