Genetic differentiation with FST values ranging between
0.006e0.892 was found. Five distinct genetic groups of the red-spotted tokay populations could be
classified. A group of populations from northern Thailand showed the highest genetic differentiation
from the other groups. Moreover, there was a substantial genetic subdivision depending on the genetic
groups with FCT¼ 0.664 and FSC¼ 0.185. This genetic structure is related to geographical distribution and
distance between populations, R2 ¼ 0.5614, p < 0.001. Our findings of pronounced genetic structuring and
the concomitant conservation genetic consequences if further population loss occurs mean that management
actions should therefore focus on the conservation of all of the main sites where tokay geckos
still occur.