The current research landscape shows that all three types of models are worth developing further. The phase model underlies the chapters. implicitly apply the feedback-loop model. Nonaka, ever since he started publishing in the field, has taken issue with both ways of depicting organizational learning processes. The two contributions he has written with his colleagues represent further elaborations of the spiral model by illustrating how companies engage in the knowledge- creation process. The handbook contains evidence of attempts to resolve this controversy between competing frameworks. In the contribution the insights from the spiral model of imam edge creation are limited to the conception of organizational learning as a cultural Process. The analysis of the four case studies by Berthoin Antal, Lenhardt, and Rosenbrock (Ch. 39) suggests that the phase model and the spiral model can complement each other in processes of inquiry into organizational learning.