along a transect at increasing distance from the highway
leading to the main regional market, enabling the effects of
village market access on pesticide usage and application to
be studied (Table 1). The first village, Magassi, is located in
the flat lowlands along the highway leading to the main
regional market. Masipi East lies in the middle of the
lowland foothills, 7.9km from the same highway, and is
accessible via a gravel road. Puerta is in the uplands,
1–1.5 h hiking distance from Masipi East. The most remote
village, Balete, is located in the Sierra Madre Mountain
forest, 4 h hike from Masipi East. A total of 104 farmers
were selected for interviews, 30 in each village except
Balete, where only 14 interviews could be completed
because of the small size of the population. Interviewee
selection was random, using lists of inhabitants obtained
from the Municipal Planning and Development Council
(MPDC) or local village officials. The formal interviews,
using a list of 71 questions, covered the following topics:
pesticide usage and knowledge, protection measures,
spraying equipment, application methods and rates, effects
of pesticide application on environmental and human
health, farming practices and various social and demographic
characteristics of village households.
Differences among means for field size, number of
cropping seasons per year, number of applications per
cropping season, application rates for insecticides and
herbicides, and pesticide costs were determined using nonparametric
tests, viz., the Mann–Whitney U-test and
Kruskal Wallis test and the non-parametric multiple
comparison analysis described by Neter et al. (1996).
along a transect at increasing distance from the highway
leading to the main regional market, enabling the effects of
village market access on pesticide usage and application to
be studied (Table 1). The first village, Magassi, is located in
the flat lowlands along the highway leading to the main
regional market. Masipi East lies in the middle of the
lowland foothills, 7.9km from the same highway, and is
accessible via a gravel road. Puerta is in the uplands,
1–1.5 h hiking distance from Masipi East. The most remote
village, Balete, is located in the Sierra Madre Mountain
forest, 4 h hike from Masipi East. A total of 104 farmers
were selected for interviews, 30 in each village except
Balete, where only 14 interviews could be completed
because of the small size of the population. Interviewee
selection was random, using lists of inhabitants obtained
from the Municipal Planning and Development Council
(MPDC) or local village officials. The formal interviews,
using a list of 71 questions, covered the following topics:
pesticide usage and knowledge, protection measures,
spraying equipment, application methods and rates, effects
of pesticide application on environmental and human
health, farming practices and various social and demographic
characteristics of village households.
Differences among means for field size, number of
cropping seasons per year, number of applications per
cropping season, application rates for insecticides and
herbicides, and pesticide costs were determined using nonparametric
tests, viz., the Mann–Whitney U-test and
Kruskal Wallis test and the non-parametric multiple
comparison analysis described by Neter et al. (1996).
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