The exclusion of Hedylidae from Rhopalocera was based partly on the fact that Hedylidae lack two classical butterfly recognition characters (clubbed antennae, and the absence of frenulum/reti-nacular wing coupling); and partly on a series of characters that were either homoplastic, erroneously polarised (based on the assumption that butterflies were Macrolepidoptera), or poorly known for Hedylidae.