In contrast, for timber and food (especially fruit) trees, many of the exotic species grown by smallholders in the tropics are also grown in large-scale commercial plantations and orchards, and more attention to genetic quality has therefore been given (e.g., Fisher and Gordon, 2007; Ray, 2002). Significant work on less globally well known local timber and fruit trees species grown by tropical smallholders has also increased in recent decades. A review by Leakey et al. (2012) of more than 400 papers on ‘agroforestry tree domestication’, for example, assessed the progress that has been made over the last 20 years in bringing such new tree species into cultivation. Between 1993 and 2002, there was a focus on species priority-setting, assessing species potential and the development of appropriate propagation methods for selected trees. Between 2003 and 2012, more emphasis was placed on new methods for assessing genetic variation in wild tree populations, on AFTP commercialisation, and on adoption and impact issues