4.1. Acute systemic toxicity
This test measures relative toxicological response of an experimental organism to single or brief exposure to a test substance [79]. Test organisms range from simple systems like brine shrimp to other animals like mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. This test is also used to calcu‐ late median lethal dose (LD50) of a substance, using various standardised methods including Lorke’s and acute toxic class methods [79, 80]. Exposure routes may be by oral gavage, inhala‐ tion/mucosal, dermal; or by injection into the bloodstream, abdomen, or the muscles. Follow‐ ing administration of a test product, animals are observed individually at least once during the first 30 minutes, periodically during the first 24 hours, with special attention given during the first 4 hours, and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days in the case of delayed toxicities [79]