Identification. The Republic of Ind

Identification. The Republic of Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous nation, has 203 million people living on nearly one thousand permanently settled islands. Some two-to-three hundred ethnic groups with their own languages and dialects range in population from the Javanese (about 70 million) and Sundanese (about 30 million) on Java, to peoples numbering in the thousands on remote islands. The nature of Indonesian national culture is somewhat analogous to that of India—multicultural, rooted in older societies and interethnic relations, and developed in twentieth century nationalist struggles against a European imperialism that nonetheless forged that nation and many of its institutions. The national culture is most easily observed in cities but aspects of it now reach into the countryside as well. Indonesia's borders are those of the Netherlands East Indies, which was fully formed at the beginning of the twentieth century, though Dutch imperialism began early in the seventeenth century. Indonesian culture has historical roots, institutions, customs, values, and beliefs that many of its people share, but it is also a work in progress that is undergoing particular stresses at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

The name Indonesia, meaning Indian Islands, was coined by an Englishman, J. R. Logan, in Malaya in 1850. Derived from the Greek, Indos (India) and nesos (island), it has parallels in Melanesia, "black islands"; Micronesia, "small islands"; and Polynesia, "many islands." A German geographer, Adolf Bastian, used it in the title of his book, Indonesien , in 1884, and in 1928 nationalists adopted it as the name of their hoped-for nation.

Most islands are multiethnic, with large and small groups forming geographical enclaves. Towns within such enclaves include the dominant ethnic group and some members of immigrant groups. Large cities may consist of many ethnic groups; some cities have a dominant majority. Regions, such as West Sumatra or South Sulawesi, have developed over centuries through the interaction of geography (such as rivers, ports, plains, and mountains), historical interaction of peoples, and political-administrative policies. Some, such as North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and East Java are ethnically mixed to varying degrees; others such as West Sumatra, Bali, and Aceh are more homogeneous. Some regions, such as South Sumatra, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi, share a long-term Malayo-Muslim coastal influence that gives them similar cultural features, from arts and dress to political and class stratification to religion. Upland or upriver peoples in these regions have different social, cultural, and religious orientations, but may feel themselves or be perforce a part of that region. Many such regions have become government provinces, as are the latter three above. Others, such as Bali, have not.

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

รหัส สาธารณรัฐอินโดนีเซีย ประเทศที่มีประชากรมากที่สุดสี่ของโลก มี 203 ล้านคนอาศัยอยู่บนเกาะอย่างถาวรจ่ายเงินเกือบหนึ่งพัน บางสองถึงสามร้อยชนกับตนภาษาและสำเนียงในประชากรจากชวา (ประมาณ 70 ล้าน) และซุนดา (ประมาณ 30 ล้าน) บนเกาะชวา คนที่ใส่ตัวเลขในหลักพันบนเกาะที่ไกล ลักษณะของวัฒนธรรมแห่งชาติอินโดนีเซียจะค่อนข้างคล้ายคลึงกับของอินเดีย — วัฒนธรรมนานาชาติ ในสังคมเก่าและความสัมพันธ์ใน interethnic และในศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบของต่อสู้กับลัทธิจักรวรรดินิยมยุโรปที่กระนั้น ปลอมและหลายสถาบันของประเทศที่ พัฒนา วัฒนธรรมแห่งชาติจะสังเกตง่ายที่สุดในเมือง แต่ตอนนี้ถึงแง่มุมของมันในชนบทเช่น เส้นขอบของอินโดนีเซียมีผู้ของประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์ตะวันออกตะวัน ซึ่งเต็มก่อตั้งในช่วงต้นของศตวรรษที่ยี่สิบ แม้ว่าลัทธิจักรวรรดินิยมเนเธอร์แลนด์เริ่มต้นในศตวรรษ seventeenth วัฒนธรรมอินโดนีเซียมีรากทางประวัติศาสตร์ สถาบัน ศุลกากร ค่า และความเชื่อที่หลายคนใช้ร่วมกัน แต่ก็ยังทำงานในระหว่างที่อยู่ในระหว่างความเครียดเฉพาะที่จุดเริ่มต้นของศตวรรษยี่สิบการThe name Indonesia, meaning Indian Islands, was coined by an Englishman, J. R. Logan, in Malaya in 1850. Derived from the Greek, Indos (India) and nesos (island), it has parallels in Melanesia, "black islands"; Micronesia, "small islands"; and Polynesia, "many islands." A German geographer, Adolf Bastian, used it in the title of his book, Indonesien , in 1884, and in 1928 nationalists adopted it as the name of their hoped-for nation.Most islands are multiethnic, with large and small groups forming geographical enclaves. Towns within such enclaves include the dominant ethnic group and some members of immigrant groups. Large cities may consist of many ethnic groups; some cities have a dominant majority. Regions, such as West Sumatra or South Sulawesi, have developed over centuries through the interaction of geography (such as rivers, ports, plains, and mountains), historical interaction of peoples, and political-administrative policies. Some, such as North Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and East Java are ethnically mixed to varying degrees; others such as West Sumatra, Bali, and Aceh are more homogeneous. Some regions, such as South Sumatra, South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi, share a long-term Malayo-Muslim coastal influence that gives them similar cultural features, from arts and dress to political and class stratification to religion. Upland or upriver peoples in these regions have different social, cultural, and religious orientations, but may feel themselves or be perforce a part of that region. Many such regions have become government provinces, as are the latter three above. Others, such as Bali, have not.