And here we do come to a parting of ways. In contrast with such institutional approaches, there are theories of justice and of social choice that take extensive note of the social states that actually emerge in order to assess how things are going and whether the arrangements can be seen as just. Utilitarianism takes such a view (even though its assessment of social states is confined to the limited perspective of utilities generated, ignoring everything else), but much more generally, so does social choice theory as an approach to evaluation and justice, as explored in a framework established by Kenneth Arrow, broadly in line with the normative approaches explored by Condorcet and Adam Smith, among others. There is no necessity here to rely only on utilities for the assessment of states of affairs, or, for that matter, only on 'end states' (as Robert Nozick calls them), ignoring the huge significance of the processes used. Rather, the comprehensive states of affairs that actually emerge are seen to be critically important in assessing whether we are doing the right thing, or could do better.