These results have important implications for the prevention
of the onset of daily smoking. The effect of parent
smoking, family management, and family bonding on the
onset of daily smoking indicates that smoking prevention
programs should routinely include parents and address parents’
own use or nonuse directly. Currently, most prevention
programs that include parents focus on parent– child
communication and family management skills, but do not
directly address parents’ own substance use [34]. It is important
to encourage parents to stop or reduce their own
smoking for their children’s sake, not just their own. In
addition, parents may be able to reduce their children’s risk
of daily smoking initiation by strengthening bonds with
their children, and by setting clear rules and closely monitoring
their children’s behavior. Smoking prevention efforts
need to target parents, parenting practices, and family processes,
not just adolescents.