Kahn (1992) offered a theoretical expansion of his work. This expansion
delineates the concept of psychological presence, its dimensions (attentiveness,
connectedness, integration, and focus), and their impact on personal engagement. In
this model, Kahn theorizes various work elements, social systems, and individual
distractions as preceding the psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety, and
availability. In addition, outcomes of personal engagement are suggested to include
performance quality and systemic growth and productivity. When an individual finds
meaning, feels safe, and has the necessary external and internal resources in their
work role, personal engagement will result and the individual is stated to be ‘‘fully
present’’ (Kahn, 1992).