5. the language functions involved in those events, or what the learner will be able to do with or through the language. For example making introductions, giving explanations, or describing plans. 6. the notions or concepts involved, or what the learner will need to be able to talk about. For example leisure, finance, history, religion. 7. the skills involved in the "knitting together" of discourse: discourse and rhetorical skills. For example story telling, giving an effective business presentation. 8. the variety or varieties of the target language that will be needed, such as American, Australian, or British English, and the levels in the spoken and written language which the learners will need to reach 9. the grammatical content that will be needed 10. the lexical content or vocabulary that will be needed (van Ek and Alexander 1980) This led to two important new directions in the 1970s and 1980s proposals for a communicative syllabus, and the ESP movement,