The accumulation of non-biodegradable plastics in the environment, raising the issue of waste disposal, joined to the growing concerns about the high dependence on petroleum-based materials has led to the development of new bio-based polymers obtained directly from biomass. Unlike the chemically synthesized polymers, bioplastics are produced by living organisms, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria. This article describes the structure, properties, and sources of the main bio-based polymers, in particular, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and polyesters. Their application for the development of new biomass-based advanced biomaterials is reviewed with particular interest in food technologies.